Damian Sendler: Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in the globe, despite a progressive decline in incidence. Helicobacter pylori infection is the most significant contributor to the development of stomach cancer.

Damian Sendler Media

Damian Jacob Sendler: All patients infected with H. pylori should be eradicated, according to the Kyoto global consensus report. Annual endoscopic surveillance is required following H. pylori eradication because stratifying the risk of carcinogenesis among patients with a history of infection is difficult.

Damien Sendler: Current screening methods for new compounds that could help diagnose stomach cancer and reduce mortality have been summarized below. Tissue protein indicators associated with metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequences are the most widely researched compounds. The genesis of markers associated with cancer stem cells, such as CD44, and immune reaction markers, such as matrix metallopeptidases, are the subject of other research techniques. These procedures are more appealing since they are less invasive.

Dr. Sendler: Plasma ghrelin levels are linked to atrophy even after H. pylori is eradicated, whereas serum pepsinogen levels indicate the severity of stomach atrophy before eradication. The use of cell-free DNAs and RNAs in the early identification of cancer is gaining popularity. It is possible that cutting-edge technologies could be used to build more tailored cancer preventive techniques.

Damian Sendler: Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death and the fifth most common malignancy worldwide.

Damian Jacob Sendler Science News

Damian Jacob Markiewicz Sendler: East Asia accounts for more than half of the world's stomach cancer cases. Even though numerous variables contribute to the development of non-cardia gastric cancer, Helicobacter pylori infection is the single largest risk factor. There has been a considerable decrease in mortality from stomach cancer due to the implementation of two screening technologies. H. pylori eradication medication has also been demonstrated to be effective in clinical trials to prevent stomach cancer. This recommendation is made in accordance with the Kyoto global consensus report. Regardless of the age or severity of the gastrointestinal mucosal lesions, all patients should be treated, especially in regions with a high prevalence of stomach cancer.

Damian Sendler: The rate of stomach cancer in H. pylori-infected patients was only 2.9 percent over an average follow-up period of 7.8 years, H. pylori medication can prevent one case of stomach cancer in 125 people, according to data from prior clinical trials. However, eradicating H. pylori does not completely eliminate the risk of cancer. As a result, there is no known method of preventing stomach cancer.

Damian Jacob Sendler: Our next problem will be determining which patients should be targeted for screening endoscopies. To improve strategies for early identification and risk stratification of gastric cancer, we have summarized potentially valuable epidemiological, biological, and molecular results.

Non-cardia gastric carcinogenesis begins with atrophic gastritis. There is both the complete axonal loss of local glands and the change of native glands into intestinal metaplasia or the expression of spasmolytic polypeptides by metaplasia (SPEM). In order to classify the severity of gastritis, Rugge developed the Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment (OLGA) method based on histology. Atrophy scores in the corpus and the antrum are combined to determine the OLGA stage, which indicates the risk of stomach cancer. The atrophy score is a four-tiered scale (0–3) based on the Sydney system's visual analogue scale.   

Damian Sendler: It is also necessary to perform two antral mucosal biopsy, one angularis incisura biopsy, and two oxyntic mucosal biopsy for OLGA staging. Neoplastic lesions only occurred in patients with stage III or IV gastritis at the time of inclusion in a large European trial following H. pylori eradication.  

Damian Jacob Sendler: For the sake of patient safety, the Kimura and Takemoto classification system, which correlates with histological evaluation results, is used in Japan to classify the macroscopic amount of gastric mucosal atrophy.

Based on the results from an endoscopy, the gastric mucosal atrophy can be divided into two types: closed (C-1 to C-3), which has borders of atrophy that do not extend beyond the cardia on one side of gastric corpus, and open (O-1 to O-3), which has borders of atrophy which go further than the cardia on the other.

Dr. Sendler: There is evidence that open-type atrophy is a risk factor for gastric cancer, however follow-up procedures based on Kimura and Takemoto categorization have yet to be created.  When compared to standard white-color imaging, a recently developed image-improving endoscopic approach called "linked color imaging" can more precisely detect map-like redness (a high-risk characteristic) and regular arrangement of collecting venules (a low-risk feature).  

Damian Sendler: There are numerous ways to detect high-risk groups, including histology and endoscopic methods. Carcinogenesis, on the other hand, occurs often in patients with minimal histopathological risk. A combination of histological assessment and other markers is required for more precise risk categorization. 

Research news brought to you by Dr. Damian Jacob Sendler